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Dumbo was the code name used by the United States Navy during the 1940s and 1950s to signify search and rescue missions, conducted in conjunction with military operations, by long-range aircraft flying over the ocean. The purpose of Dumbo missions was to rescue downed American aviators as well as seamen in distress. Dumbo aircraft were originally land-based heavy bomber aircraft converted to carry an airborne lifeboat to be dropped in the water near survivors. The name "Dumbo" came from Walt Disney's flying elephant, the main character of the animated film ''Dumbo'', appearing in October 1941.〔''Time'', August 6, 1945. ("World Battlefronts: Battle of the Seas: The Lovely Dumbos", page 1 ) and (page 2 ). Retrieved on September 6, 2009.〕 By extension, "Dumbo" was the unofficial nickname for ''any'' air-sea rescue aircraft, including flying boats〔Morison, 2007, p. xxvi.〕 that had less need to drop heavy lifeboats since the aircraft could land on the water and perform rescues directly.〔Algeo, John. ''Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941–1991'', pp. 39, 106–107. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-521-44971-5〕 "Dumbo" was also an unofficial nickname for any variant of the PBY Catalina patrol bomber which operated in a wide variety of roles including anti-submarine warfare against German U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945).〔Owen, Gregory L. ''The Longest Patrol: A U-Boat Gunner's War'', pp. 101, 309. iUniverse, 2006. ISBN 0-595-39113-3〕 ==History== Air-sea rescue by flying boat or floatplane was a method used by various nations before World War II to pick up aviators or sailors who were struggling in the water.〔 Training and weather accidents could require an aircrew to be pulled from the water, and seaplanes were occasionally used for that purpose. The limitation was that if the water's surface were too rough, the aircraft would not be able to land. The most that could be done was to drop emergency supplies to the survivors. The first air-dropped lifeboat was British, a wooden canoe-shaped model designed in 1943 by Uffa Fox to be dropped by Avro Lancaster heavy bombers for the rescue of aircrew downed in the Channel.〔Strahan, 1998, p. 193.〕 The lifeboat's descent to the water was slowed by parachutes. In the United States, Andrew Higgins evaluated the Fox boat and found it too weak to survive mishap in emergency operations. In November 1943, Higgins assigned engineers from his company to make a sturdier version, with two engines, that would right itself if it landed upside down.〔 Higgins Industries, known for making landing craft (LCVP) and PT boats, produced a 1½-ton (1400 kg), airborne lifeboat with waterproof internal compartments so that it would not sink if swamped or overturned. Intended to be dropped by modified Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, it was ready for production in early 1944.〔Strahan, 1998, pp. 208–209.〕 After wartime experiences suggested improvements, Consolidated PBY Catalina aircraft were given extra features to augment their air-sea rescue capability. One such invention was a small platform that could be braced against the side of the flying boat's hull to allow a team of two Catalina crewmen to lean out into the water and rescue a swimmer.〔''Popular Mechanics'', December 1945. ("Flying Boat Carries Rescue Platform." ) Retrieved on September 6, 2009.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dumbo (air-sea rescue)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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